Ivory Care: Cleaning and Identification

Ivory, a material steeped in history and value, has graced everything from delicate jewellery to the keys of a grand piano. However, its unique properties also mean it requires specific care to maintain its allure. With the use of ivory now strictly controlled by law since 1947, understanding how to identify and properly maintain these precious items is more important than ever. This guide will delve into the nuances of ivory care, offering practical advice for cleaning, restoration, and identification.

Identifying Genuine Ivory

Before embarking on any cleaning process, it's crucial to confirm that your item is indeed made of genuine ivory. Ivory can be easily mistaken for bone, but there are distinct differences. Ivory is derived from the teeth or tusks of animals like elephants, hippopotamuses, or walruses, giving it a unique feel and appearance.

The Touch and Feel Test

With a little experience, you can often identify ivory by touch alone. Unlike bone, genuine ivory possesses a characteristic softness, often described as being 'like butter' but not to the point of being soft or mushy. It also tends to feel heavier than bone. These tactile qualities are a good initial indicator.

The Hot Pin Test

For a more definitive test, you can employ the hot pin method. Gently heat a pin until it is very hot, then carefully press it against an inconspicuous area of the object. If the item is genuine ivory, you should notice no significant odour or deformation. In contrast, if the object is made of bone, applying heat will typically release a distinct odour, often likened to burning hair, and may cause a slight deformation.

Visual Clues

Genuine ivory often displays a distinct grain pattern, sometimes referred to as 'engine turning' or 'cross-hatching', especially when viewed under magnification. While bone can also exhibit grain, it is usually less pronounced and may appear more porous.

Cleaning Your Ivory Treasures

Over time, ivory can develop a yellowish or amber hue, a natural part of its aging process. Fortunately, with the right techniques, you can restore its original lustre.

General Cleaning for Dirt Removal

For items with general dirt and grime, a simple solution of mild soap and water is often sufficient. Gently scrub the ivory with a soft brush, ensuring you reach into any crevices. Rinse the item thoroughly with clean water and then dry it immediately with a soft, lint-free cloth. Avoid soaking the ivory for extended periods.

Dealing with Scratches and Grime

If your ivory item has light scratches or has become slightly grimy, 'Blanc d'Espagne' (Spanish White), a fine chalk powder, can be effective. Dissolve the powder in lukewarm water to create a paste. Apply this paste to the ivory and allow it to dry. Once dry, gently buff the surface with a chamois leather. This process can help to lift away superficial marks and restore a smoother finish.

Restoring Heavily Soiled Ivory

For ivory that is significantly soiled or has stubborn discolouration, a diluted ammonia solution can be used. Mix one part ammonia with five parts water. Apply this solution with a soft brush, again working gently, and then rinse and dry the item thoroughly. It is essential to use ammonia with caution and ensure good ventilation during use.

Cleaning Ivory with Wooden Elements

If your ivory item incorporates wooden components, a different approach is needed to protect the wood. A paste made from wood sawdust and lemon juice can be effective. Mix equal parts of sawdust and lemon juice to form a paste. Apply this mixture to the ivory using a soft brush, rubbing gently. Rinse the area with a damp cloth and then dry. This method helps to clean the ivory without damaging the adjacent wood.

Whitening and Brightening Ivory

Restoring the bright, creamy white of aged ivory can be achieved through several methods:

Hydrogen Peroxide Bath

A highly effective method for whitening is to soak the ivory in a solution of 12% hydrogen peroxide (often referred to as 120-volume peroxide). After soaking, expose the item to sunlight. The combination of the peroxide and sunlight can rapidly brighten the ivory.

Milk Soak

For a gentler whitening process, immerse the ivory in milk. Allow it to soak, then remove it and let it air dry outdoors. This method is less aggressive and can be suitable for more delicate items.

Turpentine Essence

Rubbing the ivory gently with a cloth dampened with turpentine essence can also help to restore its whiteness. Ensure you use a soft cloth and work carefully.

Alum Rock Solution

Dissolve alum rock in water and then submerge the ivory item in the solution. Allow it to dry outdoors. This can help to remove discolouration and brighten the material.

Lemon Juice

Similar to the turpentine method, a cloth lightly moistened with lemon juice can be used to gently rub the ivory surface. Rinse and dry afterwards. Lemon juice acts as a mild natural bleach.

Important Considerations

When cleaning or whitening ivory, always test any cleaning solution on a small, inconspicuous area first to ensure it does not cause damage or unwanted discolouration. Work gently and avoid abrasive materials or harsh chemicals that could permanently damage the ivory. Remember that ivory is a natural material, and slight variations in colour and texture are part of its inherent character.

By following these guidelines, you can effectively identify, clean, and preserve your precious ivory items, ensuring they retain their beauty and value for years to come.