13/11/2020
Embarking on the journey to ride a motorcycle is an exciting prospect, but before you can feel the wind in your hair, you need to understand the licensing system in the United Kingdom. The UK categorises motorcycle licences to ensure riders are appropriately trained and experienced for the type of machine they wish to operate. This system is designed with safety at its core, progressively allowing individuals to move onto more powerful machines as their skills and confidence grow. Navigating these categories can seem a little daunting at first, but this guide aims to clarify exactly what motorbike classes are tested and what you can expect at each stage. Whether you're a complete novice or looking to upgrade your licence, understanding these distinctions is crucial for legal and safe riding.
The Core Motorcycle Licence Categories Explained
The UK's licensing framework for motorcycles is divided into three main categories, determined by the rider's age and the power of the motorcycle. These are: AM, A1, and A2, with the ultimate goal of achieving a full 'A' licence.
Category AM: Light Motorcycles and Mopeds
The AM category is typically the first step for many, often associated with younger riders. To obtain an AM licence, you must be at least 16 years old. This licence permits you to ride:
- Mopeds with a maximum design speed of between 25 km/h and 45 km/h.
- Motor tricycles and quadricycles with a maximum design speed of between 25 km/h and 45 km/h, and an engine capacity not exceeding 50cc (for internal combustion engines) or with a maximum continuous rated power of 4 kW (for electric engines).
The training for an AM licence is less intensive than for higher categories, usually involving a one-day compulsory basic training (CBT) course. However, the limitations on speed and power mean this category is primarily for light, urban commuting.
Category A1: Motorcycles with a Smaller Engine Capacity
Moving up, the A1 category allows you to ride more capable machines. You must be at least 17 years old to obtain an A1 licence. This category covers:
- Motorcycles with an engine capacity not exceeding 125cc.
- Motorcycles with a maximum net power of 11 kW (approximately 14.6 bhp).
- Motorcycles with a power-to-weight ratio not exceeding 0.1 kW/kg.
- Motor tricycles with a maximum power of 15 kW.
To get an A1 licence, you will need to complete a CBT course, pass a theory test, and then undertake two practical tests: one on a module 1 (off-road manoeuvre) and one on a module 2 (on-road riding) test. The A1 licence is a great starting point for gaining road experience on a machine that offers more than a moped but remains manageable.
Category A2: Medium-Powered Motorcycles
The A2 licence is a significant step, allowing riders to handle motorcycles with a more substantial power output. You must be at least 19 years old to qualify for the A2 licence. This category is for:
- Motorcycles with a maximum net power of 35 kW (approximately 47 bhp).
- Motorcycles with a power-to-weight ratio not exceeding 0.2 kW/kg.
- Motorcycles that are not derived from a unit producing more than twice its power.
The process to obtain an A2 licence mirrors that of the A1, requiring a CBT, theory test, and both practical tests (module 1 and module 2). The A2 licence opens up a wider range of motorcycles, offering a good balance between performance and manageability for experienced riders. It's an important stepping stone towards the full licence.
Category A: Unrestricted Motorcycles
The ultimate goal for many motorcyclists is the Category A licence, which grants unrestricted access to all types of motorcycles. You must be at least 24 years old to take the test for a direct Category A licence. Alternatively, if you have held an A2 licence for at least two years, you can take an 'accommodated' test at 21 years old.
- Motorcycles of any engine capacity and power output.
- Motor tricycles with a power exceeding 15 kW.
The training for a full Category A licence involves the same steps as the A1 and A2: CBT, theory test, and the two practical tests. However, the practical tests will be conducted on a larger, more powerful motorcycle (typically 600cc or more, with a minimum power output of 40kW). This ensures riders are competent and confident on the most demanding machines. Achieving a full 'A' licence signifies a high level of competence and freedom on the road.
The Compulsory Basic Training (CBT)
Regardless of the licence category you're aiming for (except for very specific circumstances related to older licences), you will almost certainly need to complete a Compulsory Basic Training (CBT) course. The CBT is a one or two-day course designed to teach you the fundamental skills of riding a motorcycle safely. It's not a test in the traditional sense, but rather a validation of your ability to ride safely. The course covers:
- Introduction to the motorcycle and its controls.
- Basic riding techniques on a controlled area (off-road).
- Road safety awareness and hazard perception.
- On-road riding under supervision.
Upon successful completion of the CBT, you will receive a DL196 certificate, which is valid for two years. Within these two years, you must pass your theory and practical tests to gain a full licence for your chosen category. If you don't pass your practical tests within those two years, you'll need to complete another CBT to ride legally.
Theory and Practical Tests: What to Expect
The theory test is a crucial hurdle for all aspiring motorcycle riders. It consists of two parts:
- Multiple-choice questions: Covering a wide range of topics related to safe riding, rules of the road, and motorcycle maintenance.
- Hazard perception test: This involves watching video clips and identifying developing hazards as early as possible.
Passing the theory test is a prerequisite for booking your practical tests. The practical tests are divided into two modules:
- Module 1: This is an off-road manoeuvre test conducted in a safe, controlled environment. It assesses your ability to perform specific riding skills, such as:
- Riding a 'figure of eight' within a controlled space.
- Slalom riding.
- Pushing the motorcycle backwards and turning it around.
- Emergency stop.
- Avoiding and stopping at a simulated hazard.
- Module 2: This is the on-road riding test, which lasts around 40-50 minutes. It assesses your general riding ability and your competence in dealing with real-world road conditions and traffic. Your examiner will follow you on another vehicle and communicate with you via a radio. They will be looking for safe riding practices, observation skills, and the ability to navigate various road types and situations.
Passing both Module 1 and Module 2 will result in you being granted a full motorcycle licence for the category you tested on.
A Comparative Look at Licence Categories
To summarise the progression and capabilities of each licence category, here's a quick comparison:
| Category | Minimum Age | Max Engine Capacity | Max Power Output | Power-to-Weight Ratio | Typical Motorbikes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AM | 16 | 50cc (or 4kW electric) | N/A (speed limited) | N/A | Mopeds, light scooters |
| A1 | 17 | 125cc | 11 kW (approx. 14.6 bhp) | 0.1 kW/kg | 125cc commuters, small cruisers |
| A2 | 19 | Up to 500cc (general guide) | 35 kW (approx. 47 bhp) | 0.2 kW/kg | Mid-range nakeds, sports bikes, cruisers |
| A | 24 (or 21 after 2 yrs A2) | Unrestricted | Unrestricted | Unrestricted | All motorcycles, including large capacity bikes |
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1: What happens if I pass my CBT on a 125cc bike but want to ride a 600cc bike?
If you pass your CBT on a 125cc bike (which typically falls under the A1 category), your certificate will be valid for riding mopeds and 125cc motorcycles. To ride a more powerful motorcycle, such as a 600cc bike, you will need to progress through the licensing stages, likely starting with an A2 licence and then moving to a full A licence after meeting the age and experience requirements.
Q2: Can I ride a motorcycle abroad with a UK licence?
Your UK motorcycle licence is generally recognised in EU countries and many other parts of the world. However, it's always advisable to check the specific regulations of the country you plan to visit, as requirements can vary. Some countries may have different age restrictions or require an International Driving Permit (IDP).
Q3: How long is my CBT certificate valid for?
Your DL196 certificate from your CBT is valid for two years. Within this period, you must pass your theory and practical motorcycle tests to obtain a full licence. If the two years expire before you pass your practical tests, you will need to complete another CBT course to continue riding legally.
Q4: Do I need to retake my theory test if I upgrade my licence?
Yes, if you have an existing licence (e.g., A1) and wish to upgrade to a higher category (e.g., A2 or A), you will typically need to retake your theory test. The theory test is specific to the category of licence you are applying for at that time.
Understanding these licence categories is the first step towards enjoying the freedom and exhilaration of motorcycle riding. Always ensure you are riding legally and safely by adhering to the UK's licensing regulations. Happy riding!
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