04/06/2011
The Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 (IRR17) represent a significant update to the framework governing the safe use of ionising radiation in the workplace. Introduced on 1 January 2018, these regulations are designed to protect workers and the public from the harmful effects of ionising radiation. This Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) and its accompanying guidance are invaluable resources for anyone involved in activities that utilise or generate ionising radiation. Whether you are an employer with direct responsibilities, an employee working with these sources, a dedicated Radiation Protection Adviser (RPA), a Radiation Protection Supervisor (RPS), or a general health and safety officer, understanding and adhering to IRR17 is paramount. Furthermore, the regulations extend to self-employed individuals who undertake work involving ionising radiation, encompassing duties both as an employer and an employee.
Who Needs to Understand IRR17?
The scope of the Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 is broad, encompassing a wide range of industries and roles. At its core, the ACOP is primarily aimed at employers, providing them with clear guidance on how to fulfil their legal obligations. These obligations include ensuring that exposure to ionising radiation is kept as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), implementing appropriate control measures, and providing adequate training and supervision. However, the relevance of IRR17 extends far beyond the employer.
Employees Working with Ionising Radiation
For employees who directly work with sources of ionising radiation, understanding their responsibilities is equally crucial. This includes following safety procedures, using personal protective equipment (PPE) correctly, and reporting any concerns or incidents. Their active participation in maintaining a safe working environment is a cornerstone of effective radiation protection.
Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs)
Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs) play a critical advisory role. They are experts appointed by employers to provide advice on all aspects of radiation protection. The IRR17 ACOP serves as a key reference for RPAs, enabling them to offer the most up-to-date and compliant advice to their clients. Their expertise ensures that employers can implement robust safety management systems.
Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPSs)
Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPSs) are appointed by employers to oversee the day-to-day implementation of radiation protection policies and procedures. They are on the front line of ensuring that safety measures are followed diligently. The guidance within the ACOP is essential for RPSs to effectively carry out their supervisory duties and to manage risks within their specific work areas.
Health and Safety Officers
General health and safety officers, even if not directly specialising in radiation, will find the IRR17 ACOP beneficial. It provides them with a foundational understanding of radiation risks and the regulatory requirements, allowing them to integrate radiation safety into broader health and safety management systems within an organisation.
Self-Employed Individuals
The regulations also specifically address self-employed individuals who undertake work involving ionising radiation. These individuals often wear multiple hats, acting as both the employer and the employee. Therefore, they must understand and comply with the duties incumbent upon both roles. This includes risk assessment, implementing controls, and ensuring their own safety and the safety of anyone else affected by their work.
Key Changes from IRR99 to IRR17
The transition from the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 (IRR99) to IRR17 brought about several important changes, reflecting advancements in scientific understanding, technological developments, and a commitment to aligning UK regulations with international best practices, particularly those from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the European Union Directives. Understanding these changes is vital for organisations that were previously operating under IRR99.
Strengthened dose limitation principles
While the fundamental principles of justification, optimisation, and limitation remain, IRR17 places a greater emphasis on the ALARP principle, requiring employers to demonstrate that they have taken all reasonably practicable steps to reduce exposure. This includes more rigorous consideration of historical data and best available techniques.
Updated dose limits
IRR17 incorporates updated dose limits for various categories of workers and the public, reflecting the latest scientific evidence on the health effects of radiation exposure. These changes ensure that protection standards remain robust and aligned with international recommendations.
Enhanced requirements for risk assessment
The regulations place a stronger emphasis on comprehensive risk assessment, requiring employers to identify all potential sources of exposure and to evaluate the associated risks. This includes a more detailed consideration of accidental and emergency exposures.
New provisions for medical exposures
IRR17 introduced specific provisions relating to medical exposures, reflecting the unique nature of these exposures, which are undertaken for the benefit of the patient. This includes requirements for justification of procedures and optimisation of doses for patients and, where applicable, for those providing support.
Introduction of controlled and supervised areas
The regulations clearly define and expand upon the requirements for establishing and managing controlled and supervised areas. These are critical for managing exposure to ionising radiation, with specific rules for access, monitoring, and signage.
Updated requirements for Radiation Protection Advisers (RPAs) and Radiation Protection Supervisors (RPSs)
IRR17 clarifies the roles and responsibilities of RPAs and RPSs, ensuring that they are appropriately qualified and competent to provide the necessary advice and supervision. The appointment of an RPA is mandatory for most employers undertaking work with ionising radiation.
Specific provisions for dental practices
Recognising the widespread use of X-rays in dentistry, IRR17 includes specific guidance and requirements tailored to dental practices, making compliance more straightforward for this sector.
Key Compliance Areas for Employers
To ensure compliance with IRR17, employers must focus on several key areas:
| Area of Compliance | Key Actions Required |
|---|---|
| Risk Assessment | Conduct thorough risk assessments for all work involving ionising radiation. Identify hazards, assess risks, and determine appropriate control measures. Review and update assessments regularly, especially after changes to work practices or equipment. |
| Dose Monitoring | Implement a system for monitoring the radiation doses received by classified workers. This may involve personal dosimetry and area monitoring. Ensure that doses are kept ALARP. |
| Training and Information | Provide adequate training and information to all employees who may be exposed to ionising radiation. This training should cover the risks, safety procedures, and emergency arrangements. Refresher training should also be provided. |
| Appointment of RPA and RPS | Appoint a competent RPA to advise on radiation protection matters. Appoint RPSs to oversee specific work areas and ensure compliance with procedures. |
| Maintenance of Equipment | Ensure that all equipment used in connection with ionising radiation is properly maintained, tested, and calibrated to ensure its safe and effective operation. |
| Record Keeping | Maintain accurate records of risk assessments, dose monitoring, training, equipment testing, and any incidents. These records are crucial for demonstrating compliance. |
| Emergency Procedures | Develop and communicate clear emergency procedures for radiation incidents. Ensure that staff are trained on these procedures and that necessary equipment is available. |
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: Do I need an RPA if I only use a small X-ray machine for a few hours a week?
A1: Generally, yes. The regulations require the appointment of an RPA for most work with ionising radiation. The specific requirements depend on the nature and level of the work, but it is always advisable to consult with a qualified RPA to confirm your obligations.
Q2: What are the main differences in dose limits between IRR99 and IRR17?
A2: While the core dose limits for workers (e.g., 20 mSv in a year for whole body) remain the same, IRR17 places a stronger emphasis on the ALARP principle and includes updated guidance on how to achieve this. There are also updated limits and guidance for specific situations, such as for pregnant workers and for the public.
Q3: How often should risk assessments be reviewed?
A3: Risk assessments should be reviewed regularly, and at least annually, or whenever there is a significant change in work practices, equipment, or personnel, or if an incident occurs.
Q4: What constitutes a 'classified worker' under IRR17?
A4: A classified worker is an employee whose radiation dose is likely to exceed three-fifths of any relevant dose equivalent limit. These workers are subject to specific monitoring and health surveillance requirements.
Q5: Can I use the ACOP if I am not in the UK?
A5: The Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 and the associated ACOP are specific to the United Kingdom. While the principles of radiation protection are universal, other countries will have their own specific regulations and guidance.
Conclusion
The Ionising Radiations Regulations 2017 provide a robust framework for ensuring the safe use of ionising radiation. By understanding who the regulations apply to and the key changes from previous legislation, employers, employees, RPAs, RPSs, and health and safety professionals can work together to maintain high standards of radiation protection. Adhering to the principles of risk assessment, dose monitoring, training, and proper equipment management is not just a legal requirement but a fundamental aspect of safeguarding health and well-being in environments where ionising radiation is present. This ACOP and guidance are essential tools for achieving and maintaining compliance, fostering a culture of safety, and ensuring that the benefits of using ionising radiation can be realised without undue risk.
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